| NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | BUGS | SEE ALSO | COLOPHON | The Linux Programming Interface |
ENVIRON(7) Linux Programmer's Manual ENVIRON(7)
environ - user environment
extern char **environ;
The variable environ points to an array of pointers to strings called
the "environment". The last pointer in this array has the value
NULL. (This variable must be declared in the user program, but is
declared in the header file <unistd.h> in case the header files came
from libc4 or libc5, and in case they came from glibc and _GNU_SOURCE
was defined.) This array of strings is made available to the process
by the exec(3) call that started the process.
By convention the strings in environ have the form "name=value".
Common examples are:
USER The name of the logged-in user (used by some BSD-derived
programs).
LOGNAME
The name of the logged-in user (used by some System-V derived
programs).
HOME A user's login directory, set by login(1) from the password
file passwd(5).
LANG The name of a locale to use for locale categories when not
overridden by LC_ALL or more specific environment variables
like LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, LC_MONETARY,
LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME, cf. locale(5).
PATH The sequence of directory prefixes that sh(1) and many other
programs apply in searching for a file known by an incomplete
pathname. The prefixes are separated by ':'. (Similarly one
has CDPATH used by some shells to find the target of a change
directory command, MANPATH used by man(1) to find manual
pages, and so on)
PWD The current working directory. Set by some shells.
SHELL The pathname of the user's login shell.
TERM The terminal type for which output is to be prepared.
PAGER The user's preferred utility to display text files.
EDITOR/VISUAL
The user's preferred utility to edit text files.
Further names may be placed in the environment by the export command
and "name=value" in sh(1), or by the setenv command if you use
csh(1). Arguments may also be placed in the environment at the point
of an exec(3). A C program can manipulate its environment using the
functions getenv(3), putenv(3), setenv(3), and unsetenv(3).
Note that the behavior of many programs and library routines is
influenced by the presence or value of certain environment variables.
A random collection:
The variables LANG, LANGUAGE, NLSPATH, LOCPATH, LC_ALL, LC_MESSAGES,
etc. influence locale handling, cf. locale(5).
TMPDIR influences the path prefix of names created by tmpnam(3) and
other routines, the temporary directory used by sort(1) and other
programs, etc.
LD_LIBRARY_PATH, LD_PRELOAD and other LD_* variables influence the
behavior of the dynamic loader/linker.
POSIXLY_CORRECT makes certain programs and library routines follow
the prescriptions of POSIX.
The behavior of malloc(3) is influenced by MALLOC_* variables.
The variable HOSTALIASES gives the name of a file containing aliases
to be used with gethostbyname(3).
TZ and TZDIR give timezone information used by tzset(3) and through
that by functions like ctime(3), localtime(3), mktime(3),
strftime(3). See also tzselect(8).
TERMCAP gives information on how to address a given terminal (or
gives the name of a file containing such information).
COLUMNS and LINES tell applications about the window size, possibly
overriding the actual size.
PRINTER or LPDEST may specify the desired printer to use. See
lpr(1).
Etc.
Clearly there is a security risk here. Many a system command has
been tricked into mischief by a user who specified unusual values for
IFS or LD_LIBRARY_PATH.
There is also the risk of name space pollution. Programs like make
and autoconf allow overriding of default utility names from the
environment with similarly named variables in all caps. Thus one
uses CC to select the desired C compiler (and similarly MAKE, AR, AS,
FC, LD, LEX, RM, YACC, etc.). However, in some traditional uses such
an environment variable gives options for the program instead of a
pathname. Thus, one has MORE, LESS, and GZIP. Such usage is
considered mistaken, and to be avoided in new programs. The authors
of gzip should consider renaming their option to GZIP_OPT.
bash(1), csh(1), login(1), sh(1), tcsh(1), execve(2), clearenv(3),
exec(3), getenv(3), putenv(3), setenv(3), unsetenv(3), locale(5)
This page is part of release 3.51 of the Linux man-pages project. A
description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can
be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
Linux 2009-07-25 ENVIRON(7)
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